¡¡µ¿ÌäÉû»ì¤Îhow¤Ë¤Ï¾¯¤Ê¤¯¤È¤â2¼ïÎà¤Î°ÕÌ£¡¦ÍÑË¡¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£1¤Ä¤Ï¡ÖÊýË¡¡×¡¤¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤Ï¡ÖÄøÅ١פǤ¢¤ë¡£ÍÑË¡¤Î¸«¤ï¤±¤ÏÈæ³ÓŪñ½ã¤Ç¡¤¤ª¤ª¤à¤Í¡¤Ã±ÆȤÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤ÐÊýË¡¡¤Ãʳ¬Åª¤Ê·ÁÍƻ졦Éû»ì¡Êvery¤Ç½¤¾þ¤Ç¤­¤ë¡¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤¬Ç§Äê´ð½à¡Ë¤ò½¤¾þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ì¤ÐÄøÅ٤Ǥ¢¤ë¡£
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How unique are we, and how are we unique? (Michael S. Gazzaniga (2008) Human: The Science behind What Makes Your Brain Unique. p.9)

Á°È¾¤È¸åȾ¤ÎÀá¤ò¹½À®¤¹¤ë¸ì¤Ï¤Þ¤Ã¤¿¤¯Æ±¤¸¤À¤¬¡¤¸ì½ç¤¬°Û¤Ê¤ë¡£Á°È¾¤ÎÀá¤Ç¤ÏHow unique¤È¤Ê¤Ã¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤how¤¬unique¤ò½¤¾þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤ÏÄøÅÙ¤òɽ¤¹¤«¤é¡¤¤³¤ÎÀá¤Ï¡Ö¿Í´Ö¤Ï¤É¤ì¤À¤±Â¾¤Îưʪ¤È°ã¤¦¤Î¤«¡×¤È¤¤¤¦°ÕÌ£¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£°ìÊý¡¤¸åȾ¤ÎÀá¤Ç¤Ïhow¤¬Ã±ÆȤÇÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤éÊýË¡¤Ç¡¤¤³¤ÎÀá¤Î²ò¼á¤Ï¡Ö¿Í´Ö¤Ï¤É¤Î¤è¤¦¤ÊÅÀ¤Ç¾¤Îưʪ¤È°ã¤¦¤Î¤«¡×¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£
¡¡Ã±½ã¤Ê¤³¤È¤À¤¬¡¤Ê£¹ç´Ø·¸Éû»ì¤Îhowever¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¾¯¡¹¼ê¤³¤º¤ë¿Í¤â¤¤¤ë¡£±¡»î½Î¤Î¡Ö±ÑʸÆɲò¥¹¡¼¥Ñ¡¼¥Ù¡¼¥·¥Ã¥¯¥¼¥ß¡×¤Ï±ÑʸÆɲò¤Î¤¿¤á¤Îʸˡ¤ÎºÇ½éÊâ¤ò³Ø¤Ö¹ÖºÂ¤Ç¡¤Îý½¬ÌäÂê¤È¤·¤ÆHowever he did the work, the quality didn't improve.¤È¤¤¤¦Ê¸¤òµó¤²¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£»×¤¤¹þ¤ß¤«¤é¤«¡¤¤³¤ì¤ò¡ÖÈब¤É¤ó¤Ê¤ËƯ¤¤¤Æ¤â¡¤¼Á¤Ï¸þ¾å¤·¤Ê¤«¤Ã¤¿¡×¤ÈÌõ¤¹¿Í¤¬¤±¤Ã¤³¤¦¤¤¤ë¡Ê½é¿´¼Ô¤À¤«¤é¤·¤«¤¿¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤²òÀâÃæ¤Ç¤â¤³¤Î°ã¤¤¤òÀâÌÀ¤·¤Æ¤ª¤ê¡¤¤½¤ì¤òÆɤó¤Ç¤«¤éÎý½¬ÌäÂê¤Ë¼è¤êÁȤó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤Ï¤º¤Ê¤Î¤À¡Ë¡£¤¿¤Þ¤¿¤Þ¤½¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë²ò¼á¤Ç¤­¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¤³¤È¤â¤¢¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¤¬¡¤¹½Â¤¤òÀµ³Î¤Ë¤Õ¤Þ¤¨¤¿¤¦¤¨¤Ç²ò¼á¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬°Ê²¼¤ËÂçÀڤǤ¢¤ë¤«¤¬¤è¤¯¤ï¤«¤ë¡£

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It seems that half of the scientific world sees the human animal as on a continuum with other animals, and others see a sharp break between animals and humans, see two distinct groups. The argument has been raging for years, and it surely won't be settled in the near future. After all, we humans are either lumpers or splitters. We either see the similarities or prefer to note the differences. (Michael S. Gazzaniga (2008) Human: The Science behind What Makes Your Brain Unique. p.7)

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¡¡ÎàµÁɽ¸½¤Î¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ê¤«¤é¤â¼ê¤¬¤«¤ê¤¬¤¨¤é¤ì¤ë¡£sees the human animal as on a continuum with other animals¢ªlumpers¢ªsee the similarities¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ê¤È¡¤see a sharp break between animals and humans / see two distinct groups¢ªsplitters¢ªprefer to note the differences¤È¤¤¤¦¤Ä¤Ê¤¬¤ê¤À¡£
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¡¡Æ°»ì¤«¤éÇÉÀ¸¤·¤Æ-er¤ä-or¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë±Ñ¸ì¤Î̾»ì¤ò¡¤ÆüËܸì¤Ç¡Ö¡Á¼Ô¡×¤ä¡Ö¡Á¼ê¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Ê£¹ç¸ì¤ÇÌõ¤¹¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¡¤Ã¯¤¬¹Í¤¨¤¿¤Î¤«ÃΤé¤Ê¤¤¤¬¡¤¤È¤Æ¤âÉÔ¹¬¤ÊÅÁÅý¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤«¤È»×¤¦¡£¤¿¤È¤¨¤Ð¡¤Freakonomics (p.150)¤Ë¤Ï[M]ost of us are ... terrible risk assessors.¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤¬½Ð¤Æ¤¯¤ë¤¬¡¤¤³¤Îassessor¤ò¡Öɾ²Á¼Ô¡×¤È¤·¤Æ¡¤¤Ï¤¿¤·¤Æ¤­¤Á¤ó¤ÈÍý²ò¤Ç¤­¤ë¤Î¤«¡£¡Ö¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤Î¿Í¤Ï¥ê¥¹¥¯¤ò¸«ÀѤâ¤ë¤È¤­¤ËÂ礭¤¯³°¤¹¤â¤Î¤À¡×¤È¤¤¤¦¤¯¤é¤¤¤Î°ÕÌ£¤À¡£risk¤¬¤â¤È¤ÎÆ°»ìassess¤ÎÌÜŪ¸ì¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ä¡¤terrible¤¬°Ọ̃Ū¤Ë¤Ï¤ä¤Ï¤êÆ°»ìassess¤ò½¤¾þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ëÅÀ¤Ê¤É¤ËÃíÌܤ¹¤ë¤¿¤á¤Ë¤â¡¤¡Ö¡Á¼Ô¡×¤È¤¤¤Ã¤¿Ìõ¤·¤«¤¿¤Ï¤ä¤á¤¿¤Û¤¦¤¬¤è¤¤¡£
¡¡She is a beautiful dancer.¤È¤¤¤¦°ì¸«Ã±½ã¤Êʸ¤Ç¤âÃí°Õ¤¬É¬ÍפǤ¢¤ë¡£¡ÖÈà½÷¤ÏÈþ¤·¤¤ÍÙ¤ê»Ò¤À¡×¤È¤¤¤¦Ìõ¤Ï¡¤¤³¤Îʸ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤Î°ìÌ̤òɽ¤·¤¿¤â¤Î¤Ë¤¹¤®¤Ê¤¤¡£¤Þ¤º¡¤beautiful¤Î²ò¼á¤¬¤¢¤¤¤Þ¤¤¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£1¤Ä¤Î²ò¼á¤Ï¡¤Ì¾»ìdancer¤ò½¤¾þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¤dancer¤ÎÍƻѤòɽ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¤Ç¡¤¤â¤¦1¤Ä¤Ï¡¤°Ọ̃Ū¤ËÆ°»ìdance¤ò½¤¾þ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Æ¡¤Í٤꤬Èþ¤·¤¤¤È¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤È¤¤¤¦¤â¤Î¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¤¡ÖÍÙ¤ê»Ò¡×¤Ï¿¤¯¤Î¾ì¹ç¿¦¶È¤òɽ¤¹¤¬¡¤±Ñ¸ì¤Îdancer¤Ï¤½¤¦¤È¤Ï¤«¤®¤é¤Ê¤¤¡£

¡¡different than ¡Á¤È¤¤¤¦·Á¤Ïñ¤Ëdifferent from ¡Á¤Î¥Ð¥ê¥¨¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤À¤È¹Í¤¨¤é¤ì¤¬¤Á¤À¤¬¡¤¼Â¤Ïµ¡Ç½¤¬°Û¤Ê¤ëÉôʬ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£¤Þ¤º¤Ï°Ê²¼¤Î°úÍѤò¸«¤Æ¤Û¤·¤¤¡£

Of course an expert, whether a woman's health advocate or a political advisor or an advertising executive, tends to have different incentives than the rest of us. (Stephen D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner (2009) Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. p.88)

¡¡¤â¤·from¤ò»È¤¦¤È¤¹¤ì¤Ð¡¤¶¯Ä´Éôʬ¤Ïdifferent incentives from those of the rest of us¤È¤Ê¤ë¤Ï¤º¤À¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï¡¤Èæ³Ó¤ÎÂоݤò·¤¨¤Ê¤±¤ì¤Ð¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤ÈƱ¤¸¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£°ìÊý¡¤than¤ÏÀܳ»ì¤Ç¡¤Èæ³Ó¹½Ê¸¤ÇÍѤ¤¤ë¾ì¹ç¤ÈƱÍÍ¡¤¶¦ÄÌÉôʬ¤Îºï½ü¡¦¾Êά¤¬À¸¤¸¤ë¡£¾å¤Î°úÍѤǤ⡤than the rest of us have¤È¹Í¤¨¤ì¤Ð¤è¤¤¡£

¡¡³°¹ñ¸ì¤Ç½ñ¤«¤ì¤À¤â¤Î¤òÆɲò¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¡¤¤½¤·¤Æ¤½¤ì¤òÊì¹ñ¸ì¤ËÌõ¤¹¤³¤È¤È¤Ï¡¤¤±¤Ã¤·¤Æµ¡³£Åª¤ÊÁàºî¡¦ºî¶È¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¤¤­¤ï¤á¤ÆÁϤŪ¤Ê±Ä¤ß¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¤³¤ì¤Ï²¿ÅÙ¤â½Ò¤Ù¤Æ¤­¤¿¤È¤ª¤ê¤À¡£°Ê²¼¤Î°úÍѤκǸå¤Îʸ¤Î°ÕÌ£¤ò¤É¤ó¤ÊÆüËܸì¤Çɽ¤»¤Ð¤â¤Ã¤È¤â¸ú²ÌŪ¤«¡¤¹Í¤¨¤Æ¤ß¤Æ¤Û¤·¤¤¡£

One of the attributes previously thought to be unique to humans was toolmaking. That notion went by the board as soon as it was discovered, in the 1980s, that chimps in east and central Africa could use moistened sticks to fish for termites. One West Lowland Gorilla in the Republic of Congo, a male named Kola, has learned to test the electric fence surrounding his forest reserve by holding a grass stem up to the wire. The stem will conduct a bit of current, enough to show Kola the fence was turned on, but not enough to give him a shock. Not all humans would be able to do this. (Michael Hanlon (2007) 10 Questions Science Can't Answer (Yet). Macmillan. p.32)

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